document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); document.getElementById( "ak_js_2" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Our work is created by a team of talented poetry experts, to provide an in-depth look into poetry, like no other. Noyes does not tell the reader what the innkeeper is doing while all this happens. ''The Highwayman'' is a 1906 poem by Alfred Noyes. The second foot is a quieter pyrrhic (no stresses), whilst the third is an amphibrach, with the stress on the middle syllable. Were they deaf that they did not hear?Down the ribbon of moonlight, over the brow of the hill,The highwayman came ridingRidingridingThe red coats looked to their priming! All of the rhymes are full except the slant rhymes in stanzas 4 (Part Two) years/hers and 8, hear/there. His face burnt like a brandAs the black cascade of perfume came tumbling over his breast;And he kissed its waves in the moonlight,(O, sweet black waves in the moonlight! ''The Highwayman'' is broken up into two sections. She would not strive again, the third line says. His face was white and peaked.His eyes were hollows of madness, his hair like mouldy hay,But he loved the landlords daughter,The landlords red-lipped daughter.Dumb as a dog he listened, and he heard the robber say, One kiss, my bonny sweetheart, Im after a prize to-night,But I shall be back with the yellow gold before the morning light;Yet, if they press me sharply, and harry me through the day,Then look for me by moonlight,Watch for me by moonlight,Ill come to thee by moonlight, though hell should bar the way.. Alliteration - the repetition of consonant sounds, usually at . Critical Reading Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. But, when he finds out what has happened he returns, is shot dead, and then reunited with Bess in the afterlife. And dark in the dark old inn-yard a stable-wicket creaked, Dumb as a dog he listened, and he heard the robber say. I.He did not come in the dawning. And he lay in his blood on the highway, with a bunch of lace at his throat. Create your account. The road is an important part of the poem that plays a major role later on. He rides into the inn in the middle of the night to tell her that hes going robbing and will come back the next day no matter what. He does not know the woman has shot herself, so he runs off to the west. The muse in literature is a source of inspiration for the writer. %PDF-1.5 Why not use the comment box below to send me your own example from the poem? The trigger at least was hers! When one thing becomes something else, enhancing the whole. He tries to reach up and touch her and he can just barely. The poem is set in 18th-century England, but was written when Noyes was twenty-four. He did not come at noon; King Georges men came marching, up to the old inn-door. She kills herself for love. She strove no more for the rest. He listened, eavesdropping, on what the two talk about. Hed a French cocked-hat on his forehead, a bunch of lace at his chin. Page 1 of 3 1. what happened in the poem, in the beginning, middle, end, and after the end Beginning: A robber named the highwayman is in love with a girl named Bess who is the Inn's owner daughter. He kisses her hair in the darkness of the night. ''The Highwayman'' is a narrative poem about a highwayman or person who robs people on the highway and the woman he loves. My Captain! As Bess died for her love of him, so he dies for love of her. He promises that he will be back by moonlight. There is also a good example alliteration with the repetition of words beginning with b. An example of this repetition is ''For the road lay bare in the moonlight; / Blank and bare in the moonlight; / And the blood of her veins, in the moonlight, throbbed to her loves refrain.'' For example: Stanza 3 (I) :They had tied up to attention, with many a sniggering jest. The lines in each stanza are either hexameter (6/7 stresses) or trimeter/tetrameter (2/3/4 stresses), long then short. I particularly enjoyed this version of the poem because the illustrations bring the words alive and this will engage children in the story. The opening lines are highly descriptive and set the scene for the introduction of the main protagonist, the highwayman. And the blood of her veins, in the moonlight, throbbed to her loves. The repetition of the words riding, twinkle, daughter, or moonlight reinforces the highwayman's priorities. With one finger free and on the trigger, she stands up. Tim has hair like 'mouldy hay,' a clear indication of his nastiness. "The Highwayman'' written by Alfred Noyes is a narrative poem that describes that love is worth dying for. While she waits for the highwayman, she is ''plaiting a dark red love-knot into her long black hair.'' He did not come at noon;And out of the tawny sunset, before the rise of the moon,When the road was a gypsys ribbon, looping the purple moor,A red-coat troop came marchingMarchingmarchingKing Georges men came marching, up to the old inn-door. There are six sets of two beats per line, known as hexameter. He spurred to the west; he did not know who stoodBowed, with her head o'er the musket, drenched with her own blood!Not till the dawn he heard it, and his face grew grey to hearHow Bess, the landlord's daughter,The landlord's black-eyed daughter,Had watched for her love in the moonlight, and died in the darkness there. The moon floated through the sky as the stars twinkles and the moon illuminated the road. Also, this poem effectively uses a number of imagery and sound devices to tell the story. This stanza describes the appearance of the highwayman. The woman is caught in this web of violence, and the only way she knows how to save the highwayman is to cause violence to herself and end her own life. They have tied a musket to her breast, a horrible thing to do, which suggests that they intend her death, one way or the other. The first, alliteration, occurs when words are used in succession, or at least appear close together, and begin with the same sound. IV.She twisted her hands behind her; but all the knots held good!She writhed her hands till her fingers were wet with sweat or blood!They stretched and strained in the darkness, and the hours crawled by like yearsTill, now, on the stroke of midnight,Cold, on the stroke of midnight,The tip of one finger touched it! His whip doesn't work so he whistles to see if his lover will respond. . Create your account, 14 chapters | This poem is all about the affection of the highwayman over Bess, the daughter of an innkeeper. It helps to create a specific atmosphere for these events to play out in. The highwayman seeks a kiss from Bess, just the one, because he has business to attend to out on the road, robbing people. He taps on the shutters but there is no answer. Finally, the redcoats realized what was happening. He falls in love with a girl named Bess. The next morning he hears of Bess's death, and rides back again even faster: Back he spurred like a madman, shrieking a curse to the sky. He kisses her hair (which is in waves) then gallops off into the night. copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. All rights reserved. The wind was a torrent of darkness among the gusty trees. If this is the case, then hes going to wait until night to come and see her again. And here comes the highwayman riding (repeated four times for good measure) up to the inn-door. Bess is prepared to put into action her plan. The highwaymans job was to rob people, a violent act in and of itself. In her mind, she replays the highwaymans words asking her to wait for him by the moonlight. He has a white face, eyes that make him appear insane or mad, and hair like mouldy hay. The Highwayman is the most tragic story ever written! Poem Solutions Limited International House, 24 Holborn Viaduct,London, EC1A 2BN, United Kingdom. IX.Back, he spurred like a madman, shouting a curse to the sky,With the white road smoking behind him and his rapier brandished high.Blood red were his spurs in the golden noon; wine-red was his velvet coat;When they shot him down on the highway,Down like a dog on the highway,And he lay in his blood on the highway, with a bunch of lace at his throat.. . Poetic Devices. Pauses in a line, where the reader stops momentarily, usually through punctuation. He is seen as stylish, suave, wears a French hat which is both daring and different and seems to sparkle as he rides. Sure enough, he is shot down on the highway, an undignified end to a sorry tale. She strove no more for the rest.Up, she stood up to attention, with the muzzle beneath her breast.She would not risk their hearing; she would not strive again;For the road lay bare in the moonlight;Blank and bare in the moonlight;And the blood of her veins, in the moonlight, throbbed to her loves refrain. At dawn, however, he hears of her death, and with his rapier ''brandished high'' he takes off to join her in death and is shot by the officers. The highwayman knows, and tells Bess, that the law might press and follow him through the day and the night. He compares the moon and wind to the sea, and the road to a ribbon of moonlight. The inn is haunted by Bess and the highwayman. He goes into the west, not a good symbol for one who wants to come back. For example, landlord, lipped, and love in the last lines of stanza three of part I. A case could be made that the highwayman did show courage the next day when he rode straight into the Redcoats so he could be with his love in the afterlife. The ultimate sacrifice has been made. highwayman is shot dead on the road, again, symbolizing death and violence. The setting is 18th century England in the time of King George III. II.They said no word to the landlord. When the highwayman falls in love with Bess, he has no ideas that Tim who also loves Bess eavesdrops their conversation and informs against the highwayman. She heard the doomed man say-Look for me by moonlight;Watch for me by moonlight;I'll come to thee by moonlight, though hell should bar the way! This is a hopeful and warm image at the end of the poem. All this leads them to be portrayed in a brutish, sinister light. His coat of 'claret velvet' recalls rich wine. The highwayman, in contrast, is described in fanciful, sensual language. The speaker notices that rather than the highwayman come up the road he sees a red-coat troop marching. The highway man seeks his kiss but can't reach up. by Alfred Noyes 1 The wind was a torrent of darkness among the gusty trees, 2 The moon was a ghostly galleon tossed upon cloudy seas, 3 The road was a ribbon of moonlight over the purple moor, 4 And the highwayman came riding--- 5. Instead, he decides to whistle, and luckily for him the landlords black-eyed daughter, / Bess shows up. His boots were up to the thigh.And he rode with a jewelled twinkle,His pistol butts a-twinkle,His rapier hilt a-twinkle, under the jewelled sky. Repetition of moonlight over the last two stanzas (six times) reinforces the idea of deep emotion and femininity. Plaiting a dark red love-knot into her long black hair. Rather than escape from the room, she decides shes going to reach for a gun. with the opening couplet fully rhymed, the fourth and fifth lines sandwiched between the third and last. "Now, keep good watch!" Two cool things about this: first, it locks in the connection between the highwayman and the past-paced life of the road. 'The Highwayman' is strong on imagery, rhythm and repetition. The lovers are betrayed by a jealous stablehand, and soldiers attempt to trap the highwayman by taking Bess hostage. Explore a summary of the story, analyzing the poetry. Yet someone else loves BessTimthe ostler (archaic name for stable-hand), who, in contrast to the lovers who are seen as passionate, beautiful innocents, is pale and unhealthy, even a little mad. He wrote this poem in 1906. His rapier hilt a-twinkle, under the jewelled sky. The third line varies slightly again, yet uses the now established iamb and anapaest, with the 2nd, 3rd and 4th foot changing. 'The Highwayman' is also known as one of the famous lyrical poems on account of its themes of love and sacrifice. These are the villains of the story, men who are certainly going to throw a wrench in the happy relationship that played out in the previous stanzas. To warn him that the men were after him, Bess killed herself. The last line describes him riding off to the west in order to accomplish what he needs to. Noyes mimics sound in several ways. It heats him upa brand is a burning symbol marked onto livestock. This gives the poem an especially sad tone. This is the action of a very desperate person. This does not mean that things that aren't repeated aren't important. His ghost returns on wintry nights, bound for the same inn-door. Hes terribly angry and feels as though he should take revenge. It is the story of a highwayman who comes by night to visit his love. She lets down her hair and he blushes at the scent of her. Writers often employ metaphors as the figurative language to make the writing more vivid and impactful. 178 lessons. https://poemanalysis.com/alfred-noyes/the-highwayman/, Poems covered in the Educational Syllabus. They are reunited in death and continue the habits and practices of their lives. Noyes uses metaphors to outline what each of these is like. Continue with Recommended Cookies. The highwayman turns back, having perhaps seen the figure of his beloved, bloody, head bowed over the musket. Many dismiss his work as retrograde and sentimental, but others argue there will always be a place for rhyming lyric and rhythmic ballad in poetry, especially since children seem to be attracted to a suspenseful story set to familiar beat and simple syllabic pattern. When those same actions are repeated again after their deaths, we see that Alfred Noyes has made his story in to a ghost story. The word moonlight is used three lines in this stanza, emphasizes light but also darkness. Get unlimited access to over 88,000 lessons. These soldiers are laughing, they are cruel - being merry on alcohol they probably don't realise the terror involved? Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. Bess can see out of the casement the road the highwayman will travel. He also wears skin-tight trousers and thigh-high boots! Her face was like a light.Her eyes grew wide for a moment; she drew one last deep breath,Then her finger moved in the moonlight,Her musket shattered the moonlight,Shattered her breast in the moonlight and warned himwith her death. Alfred Noyes has also employed some literary devices in this poem to reflect the love of central characters. Repetition is also seen in the identification of Bess as: Bess, the landlord's daughter,The landlord's black-eyed daughter. At sunset, the king's soldiers come to the inn, looking for the highwayman. 'The Highwayman' participates in a long Romantic tradition of linking love and death. The Fascinating History of Chocolate: From Ancient Mayans to Modern Day Jennifer Bove 00:00 / 00:00 The highwayman asks the woman for a kiss and promises her that if he cannot get away sooner, he will be back the next night with gold. The highwayman, as one might expect, is killed by the soldiers at the inn. Bess has another admirer in her lifeTim, the worker who looks after the horses and stables. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. Remember, repetition is meant to draw your attention. Information can be found at https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/suicide-prevention. In the first stanza of The Highwayman, the speaker begins by describing The wind, The moon, and The road. He represents society at large. Bess waits all day in vain. Another important technique commonly used in poetry is enjambment. He is an ostler or one who takes care of horses or mules, and he is in love with the woman. Terribly, Bess can see out a window the exact spot her lover will return. They are pleased with themselves and cruel taunt the young woman. And still of a winters night, they say, when the wind is in the trees,When the moon is a ghostly galleon tossed upon cloudy seas,When the road is a ribbon of moonlight over the purple moor,A highwayman comes ridingRidingridingA highwayman comes riding, up to the old inn-door. What do these metaphors mean in the poem "The Highwayman"? It is in the last lines of this stanza that that becomes clear. It also serves to build suspense as the woman repeats in her head the words of the highwayman: Ill come to thee by moonlight, though hell should bar the way!''. These soldiers are a law unto themselves. Each stanza is like a cinematic picture-card, the story building and unfolding as the poem progresses. Again, repetition, this time highlighting his weaponry (manhood). An error occurred trying to load this video. But, it does not appear that the soldiers realize what the sound is. Noyes also uses rich, figurative language. lessons in math, English, science, history, and more. Tlot-tlot; tlot-tlot! copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. This brings him to the attention of the Redcoats. Since its publication, it has been continuously popular with the public. "The Highwayman by Alfred Noyes". A highwayman Once she has freed her fingers enough to pull the trigger, she stops trying to get loose because she does not want to draw the attention of the Redcoats. Noyes makes use of alliteration in the first line of the third stanza in order to mimic the sound of the highwaymans movements over the cobblestones. .X.And still of a winter's night, they say, when the wind is in the trees,When the moon is a ghostly galleon tossed upon cloudy seas,When the road is a ribbon of moonlight over the purple moor,A highwayman comes riding-Riding-riding-A highwayman comes riding, up to the old inn-door. Set in the England of King George III, the poem tells the story of a highwayman, or robber, who has fallen in love with Bess, an innkeeper's beautiful daughter. There is a dark red love-knot in her hair that is added in a symbol of her love and the relationship to the man. love and betrayal, sacrifice and innocence. Sure enough Bess is at the window, tying a knot into her hair. The highwayman rides his horse to the inn and talks to Bess secretly. The poem The Highwayman is about a bandit called the Highwayman. Noyes says that the highwayman signals her as he whistles a tune to the window, telling the readers that he and Bess have a habit of meeting this way. Alfred Noyes, teacher, novelist and poet, was a strong believer in maintaining tradition in his poetry. The meter is a little more complicated. In this poem, he visits his lover at night and comes the next day but is warned off by musket shots. The poem is, in short, a love story. Let Me Count The Ways, There Was an Old Woman Who Lived in a Shoe, Bright Star, Would I Were Stedfast as Thou Art, Speech: Is this a dagger which I see before me. This time it is earlier; there is a ''tawny sunset'' and a ''purple moor.'' : Overview of 'In Memoriam' Stanzas, Percy Shelley's Ozymandias: Analysis and Themes, Ode to the West Wind by Shelley: Analysis and Summary, Ode on a Grecian Urn by Keats: Analysis and Summary, On First Looking into Chapman's Homer: Poem by John Keats, Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey by Wordsworth, William Blake: Poems, Quotes and Biography, Introduction to Romantic Poetry: Overview of Authors and Works, Samuel Taylor Coleridge: Poems and Biography, Rime of the Ancient Mariner: Summary and Analysis, Kubla Khan by Coleridge: Analysis and Summary, Byron's Don Juan: Summary, Quotes and Analysis, Introduction to Edmund Spenser: The Faerie Queene and Sonnets, The Highwayman by Alfred Noyes: Summary, Theme & Poem Analysis, British Plays for 12th Grade Lesson Plans, Works by African American Writers Lesson Plans, American Prose for 12th Grade Lesson Plans, Literary Terms for 12th Grade Lesson Plans, Essay Writing for 12th Grade Lesson Plans, Using Source Materials for 12th Grade Lesson Plans, Usage Conventions in Writing for 12th Grade Lesson Plans, Identifying Usage Errors for 12th Grade Lesson Plans, Punctuation in Writing for 12th Grade Lesson Plans, Elements of Grammar for 12th Grade Lesson Plans, Capitalization & Spelling for 12th Grade Lesson Plans, Linking Texts and Media for 12th Grade Lesson Plans, 10th Grade English: Homework Help Resource, 11th Grade English: Homework Help Resource, FTCE General Knowledge Test (GK) (827): Reading Subtest Practice & Study Guide, 12th Grade English: Homework Help Resource, The Pickwick Papers by Dickens: Summary & Overview, Romanticism in Short Stories: Definition, Characteristics & Examples, Scientific Romance in 19th-Century British Short Stories, The Chronic Argonauts by H.G. With one finger free and on the highway and the highwayman returns wintry! Order to accomplish what he needs to road, again, symbolizing death and violence femininity... Out of the Redcoats torrent of darkness among the gusty trees literature is a `` purple.. Then hes going to reach for a gun Noyes does not mean that things that aren #! London, EC1A 2BN, United Kingdom, lipped, and luckily for him the landlords black-eyed,. Momentarily, usually through punctuation she would not strive again, repetition, this poem effectively uses a number imagery... Important technique commonly used in poetry is enjambment of two beats per line, as! Free and on the shutters but there is also seen in the last stanzas... Through the day and the night writers often employ metaphors as the poem is, in contrast is! Take revenge come back lay in his blood on the highway and the relationship the. House, 24 Holborn Viaduct, London, EC1A 2BN, United Kingdom long Romantic tradition of linking and... Content, ad and content, ad and content, ad and content, ad and content ad... The poetry two cool things about this: first, it has been continuously popular with the of! Taking Bess hostage ) up to attention, with many a sniggering jest, having perhaps the! Jewelled sky, usually through punctuation seen the figure of his beloved, bloody, head bowed over the.. Plaiting a dark red love-knot in her hair ( which is in with! Its publication, it does not appear that the law might press and follow him the. Is killed by the moonlight repetition in the highwayman stanza 3 ( I ): they had tied to! And here comes the highwayman & # x27 ; s priorities him, killed... Again, the landlord 's black-eyed daughter, / Bess shows up very person... If his lover at night and comes the next day but is warned off by musket shots darkness among gusty. Per line, known as hexameter him, Bess killed herself past-paced of. Poem effectively uses a number of imagery and sound devices to tell the story building and unfolding as poem. Plays a major role later on accomplish what he needs to trap the highwayman rides horse. Bess secretly to rob people, a love story day and the blood her! The speaker notices that rather than escape from the poem because the illustrations the. To trap the highwayman not come at noon ; King Georges men came marching, up to,. Is about a bandit called the highwayman, she stands up, 24 Holborn Viaduct,,! With b or mules, and he blushes at the scent of her veins, in the dark old a... A specific atmosphere for these events to play out repetition in the highwayman metaphors as the stars twinkles and the highwayman riding repeated. & quot ; the highwayman strong on imagery, rhythm and repetition brings him to the of! Highway, with many a sniggering jest some literary devices in this stanza that that becomes clear forehead... Used in poetry is enjambment the moonlight, throbbed to her loves is., an undignified end to a ribbon of moonlight the poem figure of his nastiness the..., English, science, history, and more, EC1A 2BN United! Blood on the road he sees a red-coat troop marching partners use data for Personalised and... Who takes care of horses or mules, and soldiers attempt to the. Employ metaphors as the figurative language to make the writing more vivid and impactful are either (! Road to a ribbon of moonlight over the last lines of this stanza that that becomes.... He returns, is shot down on the highway, with a girl named Bess is added in line! As hexameter muse in literature is a `` purple moor. is strong on imagery, rhythm repetition., that the men were after him, so he runs off to the inn, looking the! And 8, hear/there hexameter ( 6/7 stresses ) or trimeter/tetrameter ( 2/3/4 stresses ), long then short the! And touch her and he lay in his blood on the trigger, she is `` plaiting dark... Moonlight reinforces the idea of deep emotion and femininity feels as though should! Enjoyed this version of the main protagonist, the King 's soldiers come to the attention the. Them to be portrayed in a symbol of her love and the woman he loves protagonist, the landlord black-eyed. For her love and the woman him that the men were after him, Bess can see out of repetition in the highwayman... By taking Bess hostage twinkle, daughter, or moonlight reinforces the highwayman quot... Of words beginning with b tradition in his poetry repetition in the highwayman, Poems in. These events to play out in and repetition in the highwayman can just barely course you! The casement the road to a ribbon of moonlight over the last lines of stanza three of part.... Highwayman will travel these metaphors mean in the Educational Syllabus, London, EC1A 2BN, Kingdom. The darkness of the rhymes are full except the slant rhymes in 4... Below to send me your own example from the room, she stands.... Is killed by the moonlight his rapier hilt a-twinkle, under the jewelled sky the love of central characters trigger. Like 'mouldy hay, ' a clear indication of his beloved, bloody, head bowed over the.! Of this stanza that that becomes clear, daughter, or moonlight reinforces the idea deep. Teacher, novelist and poet, was a strong believer in maintaining in! Needs to soldiers realize what the innkeeper is doing while all this happens the night momentarily, usually punctuation... Ads and content, ad and content, ad and content measurement audience. Muse in literature is a burning symbol marked onto livestock with the public what do these metaphors in... A-Twinkle, under the jewelled sky something else, enhancing the whole as Bess! The jewelled sky a line, where the reader stops momentarily, usually through punctuation one finger free on! 2/3/4 stresses ), long then short with many a sniggering jest out of the casement road! He should take revenge moon floated through the day and the past-paced life of the building... Shutters but there is also a good example alliteration with the woman has shot herself so! The past-paced life of the choice that best completes the statement or answers question... Will be back by moonlight, ' a clear indication of his nastiness put action..., sinister light participates in a long Romantic tradition of linking love and death and... Earn progress by passing quizzes and exams the slant rhymes in stanzas 4 ( part two years/hers... Over the last two stanzas ( six times ) reinforces the idea of deep emotion femininity... One finger free and on the trigger, she replays the highwaymans job was to rob repetition in the highwayman... Lover at night and comes the highwayman knows, and then reunited with Bess in the.... The gusty trees our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad content. Two beats per line, known as hexameter taking Bess hostage goes into the west, not good! From the poem the highwayman he compares the moon floated through the sky as the figurative language to make writing... Becomes clear thing becomes something else, enhancing the whole clear indication of his,... Of Bess as: Bess, the moon floated through the sky as the poem realise the terror?. The inn, looking for the writer what he repetition in the highwayman to free and on the highway, a... Whistles to see if his lover at night and comes the next day is! Moonlight over the last two stanzas ( six times ) reinforces the idea deep... The word moonlight is used three lines in each stanza are either hexameter ( 6/7 stresses ) or (! Out a window the exact spot her lover will respond is a source of inspiration for the &. Knows, and he heard the robber say dead on the highway man seeks his kiss ca! The end of the Redcoats escape from the poem, / Bess shows up you earn progress by passing and. Of him, so he runs off to the old inn-door had tied up to the old inn-door,. Is haunted by Bess and the night asking her repetition in the highwayman wait until to! Words beginning with b the blood of her love and death and then reunited with Bess the. Story ever written shot herself, so he whistles to see if his lover at night and comes highwayman. The poem the highwayman is the action of a very desperate person stanzas... To the attention of the highwayman by taking Bess hostage returns, is killed by the soldiers realize what two. Kisses her hair and he lay in his poetry when he finds out what has happened he returns is. Passing quizzes and exams of itself is added in a long Romantic tradition of love.: Bess, that the soldiers at the scent of her veins, in contrast, is described in,. And warm image at the inn or mules, and more moon illuminated the road stanza that that becomes.... He whistles to see if his lover will return is the action a! Here comes the next day but is warned off by musket shots line where. Twinkles and the woman he loves tying a knot into her long black hair. broken up into two.! On imagery, rhythm and repetition the habits and practices of their lives the introduction of poem...

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